Ancient Migrations Made Big Genetic Gaps

Using whole‑genome ancient samples and Hudson Fst, prehistoric farmer and Steppe expansions produced allele‑frequency differences and ancestry turnover in parts of Europe that are comparable in magnitude to differences between modern continental groups. Where archaeology records mixed material culture, the genetics can nonetheless show 70–100% replacement over centuries, meaning population identity can shift rapidly in genetic terms. — If true, this reframes modern claims about territorial continuity, identity, and 'indigeneity' by showing that genetic continuity is fragile across millennia and that large demographic replacements can be quick and nearly total.