Anti‑politics as swarm dynamics

Anti‑political sentiment now organizes less as ideology and more as fast, internet‑enabled 'swarms' that form, pressure, and dissipate across borders. These swarms are united by shared distrust of elites and institutions and can rapidly topple governments or propel outsider candidates without coherent policy platforms. — If anti‑politics functions as swarm dynamics, policymakers and parties must change how they build durable legitimacy, respond to rapid mobilizations, and design institutions resilient to bursty online coordination.