Automation Requires Bottleneck Focus

When production is an O‑ring (multiplicative) technology, tasks are quality complements: automating one task alters the marginal value of others, can force discrete bundled adoption choices, and may increase earnings for workers who retain control of remaining bottleneck tasks. Simple linear task‑exposure indices therefore mismeasure displacement risk and policy should focus on bottleneck structure and time allocation. — This reframes automation policy and labour forecasting: regulators, firms and retraining programs should target where automation changes the structure of bottlenecks, not average task vulnerability, because the social and distributional outcomes can be qualitatively different.