Blame Across the Slave Supply Chain

Treat historical slavery as a chain of discrete decisions (African captors, inland traders, coastal export, transatlantic traders, U.S. buyers, reproduction policies). Ask the public to rate which links were the worst moral mistakes and use those ratings to reallocate moral responsibility across actors and institutions. — Reframing culpability from a single nation or era to specific actors in a supply chain changes how societies assign responsibility, design reparative policies, and teach history.