BWC lacks enforcement protocols

The Biological Weapons Convention permits defensive research but has no agreed mechanisms to verify or enforce compliance, allowing states to conceal offensive programs under 'defensive' activity. U.S. reports and experts assert that Russia and North Korea maintain offensive programs, while other states raise unresolved compliance questions. — If true, the treaty’s enforcement gap is a major biosecurity failure that should drive policy debates on inspections, verification regimes, and national preparedness.