Count trade gains in immigration math

When assessing immigration’s fiscal impact, models should jointly simulate labor‑market responses and public‑budget effects and explicitly include gains from trade, market‑size increases, and scale/innovation effects—because those channels can overturn apparent fiscal costs. A calibrated general‑equilibrium approach across 17 OECD countries finds native welfare rises in most cases for recent skill mixes. — This reframes immigration debates: fiscal accounting that omits trade and scale effects gives an incomplete (and often misleading) picture of who wins and loses from migration.