Economic Retaliation as Deterrent

European states could make credible, explicit threats to curtail trade, investment, military sales and platform access to deter an allied power from territorial aggression. The aim is to turn the material costs of an attack (loss of markets, asset freezes, tech exclusions) into a transparent, reversible deterrent leverage instrument. — If Europe adopts explicit economic‑retaliation doctrines, it would reshape NATO cohesion, transatlantic supply chains, and the bargaining calculus of powerful democracies contemplating unilateral territorial moves.