Elite Criticism Fuels Populism

A formal AER model shows populists spread a self‑sealing 'alternative reality' in which elites are conspiring against them. Because elite rebukes fit that frame, criticism increases support among receptive voters and reduces political accountability. To stay resilient, narratives become more conspiratorial, and leaders may enact harmful policies that reinforce the story. — If elite pushback can strengthen populists, institutions and media must rethink fact‑checking and accountability tactics that inadvertently validate conspiracy frames.