Export Controls Speed Chinese Autarky

The U.S. responded to China’s tech rise with a battery of legal tools—tariffs, export controls, and investment screens—that cut Chinese firms off from U.S. chips. Rather than crippling them, this pushed leading Chinese companies to double down on domestic supply chains and self‑sufficiency. Legalistic containment can backfire by accelerating a rival’s capability building. — It suggests sanctions/export controls must anticipate autarky responses or risk strengthening adversaries’ industrial base.