Expression masks partisan happiness

People on the left and right may experience similar levels of negative affect but differ in how they display and socialize those emotions: conservatives tend to externalize (group anger, public outrage), liberals tend to internalize (private anxiety, withdrawal). Standard polls that ask about 'happiness' or report mental‑health prevalence can confound expressive style with underlying well‑being. — If true, many policy and political judgments (mental‑health resource targeting, campaign messaging, media narratives) that rely on crude partisan happiness comparisons are misleading and should be redesigned around validated, multi‑axis affect measures.