Fare‑Free Transit Fails At Megacity Scale

Small, university or resort towns can raise ridership with zero fares, but dozens of comparative studies and randomized trials show large systems rarely convert drivers to transit, instead attracting walkers and off‑peak leisure trips while producing severe revenue shortfalls. In big systems fare revenue underwrites bonds and operations, so elimination without replacement funding jeopardizes speed, reliability, and safety valued by city riders. — Makes clear that city leaders must treat transit policy as a systems question—funding, service quality, infrastructure allocation—not a simple price lever, with major implications for emissions, equity, and municipal finance.