Genetic affinity index reveals Anglo‑Saxon shift

Using two ancient reference groups (continental Iron‑Age 'Celtic' and southern Scandinavian 'Germanic'), a continuous PCA‑derived affinity index shows Anglo‑Saxon cemetery individuals shift toward the Germanic pole while later medieval samples move back toward western European affinities. The distribution within Anglo‑Saxon cemeteries is wide, indicating heterogeneity of ancestry rather than uniform replacement. — Provides a clear, quantitative frame for public debates about migration and identity in Britain and warns that ancestry claims depend heavily on the reference choices and continuous mixture dynamics.