Haplogroup ≠ Ancestry Percentage

Y‑chromosome haplogroups (like R1b) reflect male‑line history and can correlate with large migrations (e.g., Steppe expansions) but do not measure a population's overall genome‑wide ancestry in a simple way. Ancient DNA (AADR) shows cases — notably the Basques — where high R1b frequency coexists with low autosomal Steppe ancestry because different demographic processes produced the same haplogroup frequencies. — Makes it harder for political or cultural actors to misuse single‑marker genetics as proof of whole‑population ancestry or historical claims.