Hybrid‑First European War Risk

Europe’s next major escalation is likelier to take hybrid forms—coordinated attacks on transport, aviation, cyber and energy—rather than a single, large‑scale land invasion. Policymakers should therefore prioritise resilience of urban infrastructure, attribution capacities, and allied rapid‑response coordination for asymmetric shocks. — If hybrid‑first escalation becomes the dominant mode of conflict, defense planning, domestic policing, and critical‑infrastructure policy must pivot from conventional force postures to distributed resilience and rapid multinational attribution.