Layered Non‑KYC Trust Tools

Platforms can build composite, privacy‑preserving trust by combining zero‑knowledge proofs, product‑ownership attestations, and ephemeral device‑derived signals rather than full KYC. This approach aims to mitigate bot takeover and fake accounts without central identity registries, but it creates new privacy, surveillance, and exclusion tradeoffs when implemented at scale. — How platforms operationalize layered, non‑KYC verification will shape future debates over online anonymity, platform liability, cross‑border data access, and the technical governance of online speech.