Leader‑Removal Utilitarian Ledger

Create a standardized framework that rates historical interventions where a foreign leader was removed by (a) short‑term security effect, (b) medium‑term institutional trajectory (rule of law, democratic durability), (c) long‑term human‑welfare outcomes, and (d) counterfactual uncertainty and enforcement costs. The ledger would record who removed the leader, whether boots or remote tools enforced the outcome, timelines to measurable change, migration effects, and a probabilistic net‑benefit score. — Turning informal lists into a transparent, comparable metric helps policymakers weigh regime‑change options against predictable costs (boots, refugees, instability) and prevents selective anecdotal argument from dominating intervention debates.