Morality‑Conditioned Health Benefits

Public health benefits should be explicitly structured around shared civic moral norms: not an unconditional universal entitlement, but a system that balances care for unavoidable need with disincentives for clearly self‑harmful behaviour. That means designing benefits, co‑payments, or eligibility rules that reflect moral hazard concerns while protecting people whose conditions are not the result of voluntary choices. — If adopted, this framing would shift debates from 'universal right' versus 'charity' to concrete institutional designs that trade collective solidarity against incentives and long‑term fiscal sustainability.