Paper‑thin compliance hides police bias

Officials can claim to have ‘fixed’ discriminatory policing by pointing to narrowly selected, court‑monitored samples or ritualized paperwork while broader administrative reviews reveal persistent racial disparities in stops and arrests. That selective measurement lets departments evade meaningful oversight without changing underlying behavior. — Shows how measurement and sampling choices can be weaponized to defeat judicial remedies and public accountability, with ramifications for civil‑rights enforcement and trust in policing.