Personalized Nudges Outperform One‑Size Nudges

Large‑scale reviews and unpublished nudge‑unit data suggest average nudge effects are smaller than published studies imply, while tailoring interventions to individual differences shows stronger results. The implication is that ‘one‑nudge‑for‑all’ programs may waste resources and risk paternalism without measurable benefit. — Governments and companies should pivot from generic nudges to evidence‑based, personalized interventions and treat nudge units as experimental policy labs with transparency and evaluation standards.