Post‑disaster normalcy as resilience metric

After a catastrophic urban shock, successful recovery can mean returning to functioning normalcy — restoring jobs, offices, and housing — rather than implementing high‑ambition, state‑driven reimaginings. This reframes resilience as preserving and reconstituting market capacity and basic services, not aesthetic or symbolic reinvention. — If cities prioritize rapid restoration of market functions and housing over visionary masterplans, policy debates about disaster recovery, zoning, and spending will shift toward permitting and incentives rather than top‑down redesign.