Refining, Not Mining, Drives Dependency

China controls an outsized share of global refining and component assembly for green technologies even while most raw extraction occurs elsewhere; this creates chokepoints where geopolitical or export disruptions to mines, refineries, or specialized parts (bearings, power‑conversion modules, logic controllers) will ripple through global decarbonization and manufacturing timelines. — If true, it reframes industrial policy: democracies must secure both mineral sources and the downstream refining/assembly capacity (or limit dependencies) rather than assuming raw‑material geography tells the whole story.