Schizophrenia as multiple diseases

Schizophrenia should be treated and researched as a set of related but distinct biological and clinical subtypes rather than a single illness driven mainly by excess dopamine. Doing so would shift research toward precision biomarkers, targeted pharmacology, and neurostimulation tailored to specific deficits (cognitive, negative, psychotic) instead of one‑size‑fits‑all antipsychotics. — Framing schizophrenia as heterogeneous would redirect funding, clinical guidelines, disability policy and drug development toward subtype‑specific solutions with better functional outcomes.