Separate institutional and interpersonal racism

Distinguish two separate targets: institutional racism (laws, policies, structural rules) that can be constrained by law and reform, and interpersonal prejudice (slurs, insults, social exclusion) that is personal, hard to eliminate, and not fully tractable by policy. The distinction matters because conflating them converts a finite political project into an endless moral campaign with different winners, losers, and policy tools. — Making this distinction reframes debates about anti‑racism, free speech, school discipline, and affirmative action by clarifying what government and society can realistically change versus what requires cultural strategies.