SES heritability varies by measure

Heritability and shared‑environment contributions differ across core socioeconomic indicators — education, occupational prestige, income, and wealth — and those differences depend on sampling and method (family‑based vs unrelated‑genotype). Large, registry‑linked cohorts with multiple methods reveal common genetic/shared‑environmental influences across SES measures but little commonality in nonshared environment. — If SES genetics depends on which SES measure and which method you use, policymakers and researchers must avoid one‑size‑fits‑all claims about 'the genetics of inequality' and instead tailor causal inference and policy to the specific outcome (education vs wealth) and context.