State 'shadow' welfare for undocumented

Some states are building parallel, state‑funded welfare systems that deliberately extend cash, health, housing, and education supports to undocumented residents or to their U.S.‑born children while avoiding federal funding rules. These programs can be large in scale, funded by state taxes, and administered through locally run variants of familiar programs (CAPI, Medi‑Cal wraparounds, state EITCs). — If widespread, this pattern reshapes migration incentives, state budgets, and the federal‑state division of welfare responsibility, creating tangible political and fiscal tradeoffs for national elections and policymaking.