Trapped buildings as climate liability

Many buildings may become effectively 'trapped' — uneconomic to retrofit, insure, or occupy because of new climate rules, energy costs, or flood risk. Counting and mapping these buildings would reveal hidden fiscal and social liabilities for cities, lenders, and homeowners. — If policymakers and investors treat trapped buildings as a measurable liability, it reshapes housing, zoning, insurance and climate‑adaptation policy and municipal finance decisions.