UNICEF Tenders Created Serum’s Scale

The article shows how a private Indian firm grew from horse antitoxins into the world’s largest vaccine manufacturer by winning WHO-prequalified, UNICEF/Gavi bulk tenders with low-cost, high-volume production. This tender-driven market rewarded scale over novel IP, moving manufacturing power from Big Four pharma to India and similar LMIC producers. — It reframes vaccine-access policy from patent fights to procurement design and concentration risk, since a single firm’s export limits can disrupt global immunization.