Sex differences shape modernization

Biological sex differences—not only social institutions—can condition how societies transition to modern, consumer‑based economies by influencing labor supply, risk tolerance, and institutional expectations. Policies that ignore biologically rooted variance in preferences and psychology risk persistent misfits between social institutions (education, labor markets, family policy) and aggregate behaviour. — If true, this reframes policy debates (on family policy, labor, DEI, education) from purely normative design to adaptive institutional engineering that accounts for average sex‑linked tradeoffs.